LGBT Pop and Tob Notes

These speaker’s notes match the corresponding numbered slides in the LGBT POPULATIONS AND TOBACCO PowerPoint presentation. Speakers who use this CD-ROM should print out (or copy and paste) these notes, then edit them to suit time constraints, audience needs, and personal style.

1. To contact Perry Stevens, call 901.218.7600 or write to PerryStevens487@msn.com. He can also be reached through the Tobacco Technical Assistance Consortium at Emory University in Atlanta, GA.

The author would like to thank Lisa Carlson and Pamela Redmon of TTAC, Scout of the Fenway Institute, Linda Block of the CDC Office on Smoking and Health, Pat Dunn of Amphora Consulting, and Ruth Malone and Naphtali Offen of the University of California-San Francisco for their guidance, suggestions, edits, and invaluable input.

2. This presentation will look first at what we know about tobacco use prevalence among Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender populations. Then we’ll focus on ways the tobacco industry targets LGBT—through advertisements, sponsorships, and corporate giving. Then we’ll examine the common myths about tobacco and tobacco use that are held by many LGBT people. We’ll look at some communication strategies for reaching LGBT populations in the hope that we can reduce LGBT tobacco use prevalence. At the end of the presentation are some resources for LGBT tobacco use cessation, other LGBT tobacco control resources, and some suggested action steps for making inroads into the LGBT community.

3. The research that exists on tobacco use among adults consistently shows a higher tobacco use prevalence among lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender populations than among the general population. Though, to be accurate, most of the research has been conducted among gay men and lesbians, with scant research directed toward bisexuals and no research conducted on transgender individuals. In a review of the known literature, led by scientists at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control’s Office on Smoking and Health and the University of California-San Francisco, the numbers for smoking among LGBT youth ranged from 38 to 59%, compared to a prevalence among the total youth population ranging from 28 to 35%. Adult LGBT smoking rates went as high as 50% according to some studies, compared to 28% among the general population of adults.

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. AJPM (21) 2. Ryan, Wortley, Easton, Pederson, Greenwood. “Smoking Among Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals: A Review of the Literature, 2001.

4. In an online poll conducted by the Internet research group Harris Interactive and the gay-owned Witeck-Combs Communications, results indicated that smoking prevalence among LGBT populations is higher than other adults, in this case 36% of self-identified smokers were LGBT compared to only 25% of all adults. IMPORTANT NOTE TO PRESENTER: This was a relatively small study conducted via Internet with self-reported results, so it is not definitive, though it does demonstrate a need for further research. Source: Harris Interactive and Witeck Combs Communications poll.

May 14, 2001

5. The Harris/Witeck-Combs marketing survey shows that gays and lesbians are more aware of the risks associated with smoking than the adult population as a whole. A total of 96 percent of LGBT smokers say smoking increases their risk of lung cancer and heart disease, and 96 percent say it will probably shorten their lives. Whereas, 88 percent of all adult smokers believe smoking increases risk of lung cancer and 84 percent think it increases risk of heart disease. Only 80 percent of all adults believe smoking will probably shorten their lives. This indicates that LGBT smokers are getting the public health messages, but these messages aren’t as effective with LGBT. Why is that? It might have something to do with the specific ways the tobacco industry markets its products to LGBT populations. IMPORTANT NOTE TO PRESENTER: This was a relatively small study conducted via Internet with self-reported results, so it is not definitive, though it does demonstrate a need for further research. Source: Harris Interactive/Witeck Combs poll. 5.14.01

6. The Pulse is the first-ever LGBT Health Assessment conducted in the Kansas City, Missouri metro area. Researchers conducted surveys at Gay Pride and other community events in 2003 and published the results in April 2004. The 100 page health report is the product of a partnership between the Lesbian and Gay Community Center of Kansas City and the Kansas City, Missouri, Health Department. The survey of about 1100 LGB people showed a high rate of tobacco use, especially cigarette use among gay men and lesbians, with bisexual prevalence even higher (though the sample size of bisexuals was quite small compared to the other groups.)
     Research Published April 3, 2004…obtained online from
     http://www.take-the-pulse.org
     Contact: William D. Snook, M.S. Ed., Program Manager
     Division of Health Education and Health Communication
     Kansas City, MO Health Department
     Phone: (816) 513-6274
     Fax: (816) 513-6295
     Bill Snook

7. The Pulse looked at a number of health issues including tobacco use. The evidence gathered in Kansas City indicates that smoking prevalence is significantly higher in lesbian and gay populations compared to the rest of the adult population. LGBT prevalence (at 38.4 percent) is 10-12 percent higher than in the general population of both Kansas City and the state of Missouri…and it’s 15 percent higher than the national average for adults.

8. We’ve discussed the problem of high tobacco use prevalence among lesbians and gays, and the obvious question is, why are LGBT rates so high? Much of the answer comes from specific tobacco industry marketing toward LGBT populations. So how does the industry accomplish that?

9. Gays and lesbians are targeted by the industry in a number of ways. Direct advertising (ads in LGBT publications; direct mail); indirect advertising (ads in mainstream publications with a disproportionately high percentage of LGBT readers, such as Details, GQ, Entertainment Weekly); event sponsorships (such as Out On Film—the Atlanta gay and lesbian film festival; the Miss Gay U-S-A At-Large Pageant); and outreach efforts and community promotions (HIV/AIDS causes; LGBT bar nights featuring cigarette brands). These sponsorships are an important piece of the tobacco industry’s multi-billion dollar per year marketing costs. (The tobacco industry spent $9.57 Billion in marketing in the year 2000—that amounts to more than $26 million every single day. Source: Federal Trade Commission, Cigarette Report, 2000. Obtained from Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids at http://www.tobaccofreekids.org)

10. The tobacco industry has employed an interesting method for directly advertising to gays and lesbians…and it has done so in a way that allows the industry to avoid criticism for doing it. Here’s an example. These ads are virtually identical. The one on the left features a man looking at a woman in the distance reclining in the pool. This ad ran in Penthouse, Madamoiselle, and Interview magazines in 1995. The ad on the right is exactly the same, except another man has been added between the first two figures. This ad ran in OUT magazine at the same time in 1995. It’s not clear whether the man in front is checking out the woman in the pool or the other man perched on the side of the pool.

(Parliament advertisements obtained from http://www.pmadarchive.com, doc#s 2061031517 and 2061031505)

As Kevin Goebel pointed out earlier in a 1994 article in the journal Tobacco Control, these are examples of “coded ads.” By rendering the “straight” ad sexually ambiguous through the addition of a third person, the ad suddenly resonates with a gay audience. But because the woman is still in the picture, the industry can deny it is marketing directly to gays. Source: K. Goebel. Lesbians and Gays Face Tobacco Targeting. Tobacco Control 1994;3, 65-67.

11. Parliament ads have been used in the same way to appeal to lesbians. The image on the right appeared in Rolling Stone magazine in 1995. The same ad—plus another woman—appeared the same year in Out magazine. One media consultant writes that the industry intentionally creates ads that are ambiguous in order to avoid a backlash from both the political right and left. Extreme conservatives don’t want the industry validating gays and lesbians through advertising dollars (and, in fact, have organized boycotts of companies that do market to LGBT communities). On the other hand, LGBT public health advocates don’t want to see gays and lesbians lured into smoking out of loyalty to tobacco companies that pump money into the community. Through use of ads such as these, the tobacco industry attempts to thwart opposition from both camps. (Parliament ads obtained from http://www.pmadarchives.com, doc#s 2061031553 and 2061032419)

12. This montage of Virginia Slims ads from 1994 appeared in Kevin Goebel’s Tobacco Control article. This ad campaign subtly—or not so subtly—targeted lesbians. While the woman holding the fishing rod has a ‘butch’ stance, the women in the middle are obviously having an intimate moment of some kind, and the text in the right-most ad is undoubtedly a coded message to gays, reading “If you always follow the straight and narrow you’ll never know what’s around the corner.” The vast majority of straight people would never pick up on the lesbian overtones.

Source: K. Goebel. Lesbians and Gays Face Tobacco Targeting. Tobacco Control 1994;3, 65-67.

13. RJ Reynolds now heavily promotes its Camel brands to LGBT audiences through two-page advertisements in The Advocate, like this one published in early February 2003. It features a handsome bartender (who just might be checking out that musician reflected in the mirror behind him, or perhaps that other gentleman sitting and having a drink that we can see through the other mirror.)

14. The Camel campaign also features an attractive female model looking directly at the reader. This ad ran in The Advocate February 18, 2003

15. This American Spirit cigarette ad appeared in at least two issues of The Advocate in the Fall of 2002. The Advocate buy is the only one for this RJ Reynolds brand known for this particular ad. The triangle shape is not a mistake—Its intention is to make a connection between the lesbian/gay readership and American Spirit through use of the gay pride triangle symbol. This is a subtle move by the tobacco company. Most heterosexuals would never connect the triangle shape with gay pride, so the resulting stealth marketing is highly targeted and flies under the mainstream radar.

American Spirit also heavily advertised in Details magazine in late 2002 and early 2003. But in Details, which caters to a high percentage of gay readers but is not technically a ‘gay’ magazine, the ads avoided the triangle shape.

16. Girlfriends is a national magazine for lesbians. Until recently, the magazine refused to accept tobacco advertising, but in the face of a financial crunch, the editor relented and began accepting cigarette ads. They are now featured prominently, like this example of a Kamel ad on the inside front cover directly across from the table of contents (Girlfriends, V6n12, June 2000). Like many publications targeting a niche audience, including newspapers and magazines for African-Americans and Latinos, the acceptance of tobacco ads is often the difference between publishing and going out of business. Like Girlfriends, most of these publications end up running the ads.

17. Philip Morris doesn’t blatantly target gays in its U.S. advertising, but it has no qualms about doing it in Europe. This 2000 ad for PM’s Nobel brand was obtained from Mike Wilke’s Commercial Closet website, an amazing repository of LGBT ads from a variety of companies that promote a staggering array tobacco and other products.

(Nobel ad obtained from http://www.commercialcloset.org)

18. Another Philip Morris brand sold in Europe….this very gay ad is from 2001. Again, thanks to Mike Wilke’s Commercial Closet
(http://www.commercialcloset.org)

19. The more overt tobacco advertisements commonly published in Europe are not confined to targeting gay men. This ad for the British American Tobacco brand Lucky Strikes featuring two beautiful lesbians ran in European magazines in 2000.

(Source: Wilke’s Commercial Closet http://www.commercialcloset.org)

20. In another example of advertising directed at LGBT populations outside the U.S., this ad for Buz cigarettes appeared in Canada in 2000. It includes two young women sharing a cigarette, apparently after having sex. Along with the young, same-sex models, notice the illicit drug vernacular (‘Catch a BUZ’).

(Buz ad obtained from Tobacco Control V9n1, p103, March 2000)

21. This interesting looking ring is very similar to those worn by many lesbian or gay couples to signify their commitment to one another. Rings very much like this one are sometimes exchanged in a ceremony referred to as a Holy Union.

22. But in this case, the ring is not a ‘holy union band’…It’s a ‘cool’ KOOL ring. This ad appeared in the men’s fashion and entertainment magazine DETAILS in October 2002. The added detail of this ring is likely to have broad appeal to lesbians and gays.

And what of the brand KOOL itself? Some studies indicate LGBT smokers are more likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes than heterosexuals. KOOL mentholated cigarettes are heavy advertisers in alternative newspapers and glossy magazines (like Details) with a high percentage of gay readership. This particular ad was one of several KOOL ads appearing in the October 2002 issue of Details. The magazine is not an overtly gay publication, but recent articles include features on Gay Republicans, gay TIVO programming, and a highly publicized speculative essay about whether or not baseball player Mike Piazza is gay.

23. One means of indirect marketing by the tobacco industry to GLBT populations is through theater playbills like these. The industry knows that 71% of gays attend live theater compared to only 21% of straights (American Demographics magazine March 1998). In the summer of 2000 these were three of the shows playing in New York. A two page ad for Parliament cigarettes appeared in the centerfold of each one of these playbills. The industry also places ads in other arts publications, and in these, too, a disproportionately high number of gays see them. Gays are five times more likely to attend a classical music concert and four times more likely to attend a dance performance than straight people. (same source as above)

24. An element of LGBT tobacco use that is harder to pin down includes a constant media bombardment of images glamorizing smoking. These images were obtained from the Internet. (from top left clockwise: Matthew McConaughey; Leonardo DiCaprio; Queen Latifah; Johnny Depp, Brad Pitt; and Mark Wahlberg). Celebrities using tobacco—including celebrities with an obviously gay sensibility—reinforces the marketing to LGBT populations by the industry. The images on this slide and the following two slides were gleaned from tobacco fetish sites from all over the Internet. Most of these sites go on to include much more sexually graphic pictures, mostly amateur porn shots that highlight tobacco use. Some photos are manipulated using PhotoShop and other graphics programs to turn PG- and R-rated celebrity smoking shots into X-rated shots.

25. More images pulled from gay smoking fetish websites. (from left: Vin Diesel, Matthew McConaughey, John Travolta, Brad Pitt)

26. More images from gay smoking fetish websites (from left: Kiefer Sutherland; Brad Pitt, Mark Wahlberg)

27. Some of the previous images were pulled from these websites and others. As you can see, the issue of smoking as a sexual fetish needs some attention. It’s important to note that this is NOT a uniquely lesbian and gay phenomenon. There are thousands of smoking fetish sites for both straight & gay and male & female smokers, yet very little attention is given to this problem by those of us in tobacco control.

28. One form of indirect advertising may or may not be intentional, but it shouldn’t be overlooked. Tobacco products are often used as symbols for masculinity, wealth, and having a good time. This ad (in the November 12, 2002 issue of The Advocate) for the International Gay/Lesbian Travel Association features three guys vacationing at a Las Vegas casino. The copy reads’ “Jeffrey, Paul, and Tony…Hometown..Chelsea, NY..Favorite thing about New York New York: Cocktails!” And when these Chelsea boys have a good time, they smoke big fat cigars. All three of them have one. Did IGLTA intentionally put the cigars in the models’ hands? Sure they did. Every element of a national advertisement is studied. But the question is, why? When we can address that, we may have some clues about effective interventions targeting gay men.

29. This Lucky Strike ad appeared in a tobacco-sponsored GLAAD event program (GLAAD is the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation organization dedicated to stamping out offensive and derogatory images of LGBT in the media).

The text of the ad says, “Whenever someone yells, ‘Dude, that’s so gay,’ we’ll be there.” Advertisements like this are a reminder from the industry that they ‘have our back’ and will be a true friend. The underlying message is, “We’re loyal to you, so you be loyal to us.” This is an extremely effective marketing tool for targeting LGBT people because research indicates that lesbians and gays are particularly brand-loyal. This is because images of—and messages to—lesbians and gays have been relatively absent from advertising until very recently, so when they do appear, LGBT tend to remember them.

30. The marriage of cigarette advertising and gay culture can be seen in this T-shirt advertisement for Café Lafitte….a gay club in New Orleans. The logo even includes the “warning” that’s really an invitation (“May be habit forming. Contains sultry men & intoxicating music.”) Obtained from the National Association of LGBT Community Centers website at http://www.lgbtcenters.org/anti-tobaccomedia.html July 5, 2002

31. The tobacco industry works hard to win loyalty from gays and lesbians, and one of the ways it does this is by trumpeting all the great things it does for the community. This ad appeared in PRIDE.02, The Magazine for Gay Pride in the USA, Special 5th Anniversary edition (It’s a glossy, huge 280-page magazine sold nationally with pictures and stories from every major Gay Pride parade in the country.) The full page ad touts Philip Morris’ commitment to diversity, saying it’s a strength to the company. It goes on to boast about being one of the largest corporate contributors to the fight against HIV/AIDS. It says that managers are held accountable at Philip Morris for the diversity of their departments and business partners. Philip Morris goes on to remind us that it offers domestic partner benefits and has maintained sexual orientation anti-discrimination and anti-harassment policies for the past 16 years. It supports LGBT employee organizations and trains all its employees in diversity awareness education programs. All this information is important to LGBT people who have long struggled to gain this type of corporate recognition. The result is increased corporate and brand loyalty toward Philip Morris and its products.

32. The industry is certainly generous—not only to LGBT causes but to causes important to other high risk and minority populations as well. The reason we all know that is because they’re paying for us to hear how generous they are. In 1999, Philip Morris gave away $60 million dollars, from helping to feed the homeless to AIDS charities and other organizations in need….but then they spent $100 million telling us how generous they are. From the article: “The contributions provide Philip Morris with a veneer of respectability, but critics worry that by carefully choosing the recipients of million-dollar grants the company is quietly buying the neutrality and, in some cases, the grudging support of important parts of the American body politic.”

Source: Robert Dreyfuss, “Philip Morris Money” The American Prospect v11 n10 March 27, 2000

33. This picture appeared in a 2000 issue of XY, a glossy magazine targeting gay male teens. XY is one of the few LGBT publications with a policy against accepting tobacco or alcohol ads. And in this issue the editors included what they thought was a good tobacco control message. The information in the text conveys the message that nonsmokers have more sex and better sex than smokers. But the picture accompanying this information would seem to convey another message entirely---It seems to say that smoking IS sex. If you were flipping through this magazine and stumbled across this page, would you be more likely to remember the text or the image accompanying it? Despite the good intentions behind the information, this is an example of ways even a good idea can backfire. And this image is another example of the so-called ‘sexualization’ of tobacco seen frequently in LGBT media. One problem is that depicting smoking in this way may actually trigger cravings and smoking behavior, and that’s why this kind of image is so dangerous.

34. We’ve talked about ways the industry markets to LGBT populations, but just why are these groups so vulnerable to the marketing techniques described?

35. There are many misconceptions held by lesbians and gays about cigarettes, and being aware of these misconceptions will help those of us in tobacco control better understand the challenges of making progress in these communities. Some LGBT people view cigarettes as a psychological or social crutch (“It gives me something to do with my hands at the bar.” As we saw earlier, tobacco use is a sexual fetish for some LGBT people, but no matter why a person uses tobacco, everyone risks the health consequences the accompany tobacco addiction. LGBT brand loyalty stems from feelings of loyalty some LGBT people toward the tobacco industry because of the generous charitable giving to LGBT causes. Tobacco ads appear with great frequency in LGBT publications because those publications often need the ad revenue to stay in business.

And, finally, there are relatively few tobacco control efforts directed at LGBT, so progress in reducing LGBT tobacco use prevalence has been slow.

36. One of the most common myths about tobacco among LGBT populations is also one of the reasons why LGBT are so vulnerable to tobacco industry marketing: The myth that tobacco use is equated with masculinity. This is an issue not only for some gay men who wish to present themselves in a ‘masculine’ light, but also for some lesbians who believe cigarette use can make them more ‘butch.’ Along those same lines, there’s a misconception that using tobacco will make you sexy.

For some LGBT people, using tobacco is perceived as a sign of their independence or rebellion from the norm. Others diminish the health effects of tobacco use, especially in light of the more dramatic effect of AIDS and the fear of anti-gay violence or discrimination that still exists. Others rationalize their tobacco use by saying it’s good to ‘give back’ to the tobacco companies that advertise in the LGBT press. And still others believe that smoking and other tobacco use is simply part of being gay.

37. We’ve discussed the problem of industry marketing to gays and lesbians and the reasons GLBT populations are especially vulnerable to tobacco marketing messages…so what can we do to fix it?

38. Author Grant Lukenbill, an expert in LGBT marketing and author of the book UNTOLD MILLIONS, has written that LGBT consumers tend to respond best to marketing efforts that focus on individuality.

They also respond to messages that meet a need for association and recognizes the LGBT community (for example, a LGBT consumer might respond to a message that’s run in a LGBT publication because of knowledge that it was intended for his/her community. This corporate recognition and acknowledgement carries a lot of weight among populations who have been shunned or ignored by advertisers in the past).

LGBT people also respond to messages that search out and celebrate life’s diversity; that reduce stress; and that address skepticism and mistrust.

Adapted from UNTOLD MILLIONS. Grant Lukenbill, 1999, Haworth Press Inc.pp129-130

39. There are simple ways for tweaking our mainstream tobacco control programs so that they have more appeal to lesbians and gays. These strategies include implementing a non-discrimination policy that covers LGBT and posting it in a visible location; using paid advertising in LGBT publications when possible; including job opportunities at your organization in LGBT publications; and, adding LGBT publications to your organization’s media distribution list Adapted from UNTOLD MILLIONS. Grant Lukenbill, 1999, Haworth Press Inc.

40. Other strategies for positioning your programs to appeal to the LGBT community is to use inclusive language in all your marketing communications; form alliances with LGBT organizations to offer tobacco control education and to raise your organization’s profile among lesbians and gays. (Effective ways to forge alliances include involving LGBT people in program design and planning, and by partnering and sub-contracting with LGBT organizations for funding opportunities.) And additional research indicates that LGBT mobilize when they feel they’re being manipulated or exploited. This is the same rationale behind the American Legacy Foundation’s successful truth ads aimed at young people. Showing the LGBT community how the tobacco industry has marketed to them while at the same time holding them in contempt is important information. Legacy, in conjunction with the Gay & Lesbian Medical Association, has a website devoted to the most blatant example of this: Project SCUM (the acronym stands for Sub-Culture Urban Marketing) and it was the name of a RJ Reynolds initiative to increase sales in San Francisco’s predominantly gay Castro district as well as San Francisco’s Tenderloin area, where the homeless were targeted. Project SCUM came to light when the tobacco industry was legally forced to share its internal documents. The URL for the Legacy website appears in the resources slide at the end of this presentation.

Parts of this slide adapted from UNTOLD MILLIONS. Grant Lukenbill, 1999, Haworth Press Inc.

41. Here’s an example of a statewide campaign designed to reach lesbian and gay smokers in California. The Billy DeFrank Lesbian and Gay Community Center along with the Center of Orange County were granted funds from the American Legacy Foundation to launch the “Cigarettes are my greatest enemy” campaign in February 2003. The campaign used LGBT people from California who were willing to talk about their triumphs over adversity, and how that gives them strength to stop using tobacco.

The original news release marking the launch of this campaign—

42. More images in the “Cigarettes are my greatest enemy” media campaign launched by the Billy DeFrank Lesbian and Gay Community Center and The Center of Orange County, with funds from the American Legacy Foundation.

43. More images in the “Cigarettes are my greatest enemy” media campaign.

44. If we in tobacco control want to reach LGBT populations, we must let it be known that LGBT people are welcome as visitors, members, and leaders of our organizations. A welcoming environment can include posters or pictures depicting LGBT in your hallways, having LGBT representatives on your boards and advisory groups, or something as simple as including a rainbow sticker somewhere on your window or waiting room.

On another front, money talks—even a little bit of paid advertising in LGBT publications can have a significant impact. As mentioned previously, there has been a great absence of LGBT recognition in marketing until very recently. Gays and lesbians are conscious of which organizations and products are advertised directly to them, and that’s one of the reasons LGBT populations are so receptive to overtures from the tobacco industry. We need to take the same approach as the industry in recognizing this population, and we can do that through paid advertising; and also by having a presence at Gay Pride events—either by entering a float or staffing an information booth.

45. By adding LGBT media outlets to your press list, you’ll increase your chances of getting earned media in the gay press, and that will help you raise your profile among LGBT.

When spokespeople from your organization are making speeches or talking to the press, add lesbians and gays to your list of disparate populations. (“Racial and ethnic minorities; women; lower socioeconomic status; lesbians and gays; blue-collar workers, etc”). And when possible, go to where lesbians and gays use tobacco, by initiating educational outreach at LGBT bars, clubs, and other venues.

46. If we use information like we’ve discussed today, and incorporate LGBT elements into our tobacco control programs, perhaps images like this one—a gay person with a cigarette—will stay relegated to the past where they belong.

47. The Last Drag began in 1992 and is the nation’s first and longest-lasting cessation program for LGBT people.

University of California San Francisco Quit Site for LGBT Smokers
http://iquit.medschool.ucsf.edu

48. Tobacco Technical Assistance Consortium LGBT Resources http://www.ttac.org/lgbt/index.html (LGBT Tobacco Action Plan)

From adversary to target market: the ACT-UP boycott of Philip Morris. Offen et al. Tob Control.2003; 12: 203-207

Gay tobacco ads come out of the closet. G. Yamey. BMJ, July 31, 2003; 327(7409): 296 – 296.

The Outing of Philip Morris: Advertising Tobacco to Gay Men. Smith and Malone. June 2003, Vol 93, No. 6 American Journal of Public Health, 2003-06-01

An analysis of tobacco industry marketing to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations: Strategies for mainstream tobacco control and prevention. Stevens et al. Health Promotion Practice, July 2004.

49. National Association of LGBT Community Centers (NLGBTCC) http://www.lgbtcenters.org, email: info@lgbtcenters.org

Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA) http://www.glma.org
phone: 415.255.4547

Gay American Smokeout http://www.gaysmokeout.net
phone: 206.769.8693

American Legacy Foundation—”Project SCUM” http://www.projectscum.org

King County (Seattle area) GLBT Health Pages, Tobacco and Smoking http://www.metrokc.gov/health/glbt/tobacco.htm

LGBT Tobacco Control Consortia (Los Angeles area)
http://www.smokingkills.org/WEB2/lgbt2.html

LLEGÓ--the National Latina/o Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Organization http://www.llego.org

50. This listserv for tobacco control professionals interested in LGBT tobacco control information can be joined at:
http://groups.msn.com/LGBTTobaccoPreventionControl/messageboard

51. Little information has been published about developing and implementing counter-marketing campaigns targeting LGBT populations. But this 2003 publication from the CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health, Designing and Implementing an effective Tobacco Counter-Marketing Campaign, provides a template for a more general campaign as well as information about tailoring campaigns for specific populations. For more information about this publication, call 800-CDC-1311 or write ccdinfo@cdc.gov

52. Gene Borio’s Tobacco.org site http://www.tobacco.org

53. LGBT Populations and Tobacco Control CD-ROM Resources

• Dreyfuss, R. Philip Morris Money. The American Prospect V11n10, May 27, 2000
• Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA) and LGBT Health Experts. The Healthy People 2010 Companion Document for LGBT Health. San Francisco, CA: Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 2001. http://www.glma.org
• Goebel, K. Lesbians and Gays Face Tobacco Targeting. Tobacco Control 1994;3, 65-67.
• Harris Interactive and Witeck-Combs Communications poll. May 14, 2001

54. LGBT Populations and Tobacco Control CD-ROM Resources

• Lukenbill, G. UNTOLD MILLIONS. 1999, Haworth Press Inc. pp129-130
• Mike Wilke’s Commercial Closet http://www.commercialcloset.org
• National Association of LGBT Community Centers
  http://www.lgbtcenters.org/anti-tobaccomedia.html
• Philip Morris Advertising Archive http://www.pmadarchive.com
• Ryan, H., et al. Smoking Among Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual: A Review of the Literature. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. AJPM (21), 2001.
• Tobacco Control V9n1, p103, Editorial. March 2000)

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