ACHA:
The American College Health Association is the principal advocate
and leadership organization for college and university health.
ACHA provides health advocacy, education and communications
products and services. It promotes research and culturally
competent practices that enhance a school’s ability
to advance the health of students and the campus community.
http://www.acha.org
AOD: Alcohol
and Other Drugs
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Bidis:
Bidis are hand-rolled shredded tobacco leaves wrapped in tendu
leaves and tied with a string. Originating in India, Bidis
come in flavors such as cherry, licorice, vanilla, and mint,
and contain more nicotine than cigarettes.
Bupropion: Bupropion
is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved prescription
antidepressant medication. Bupropion is the active ingredient
in Zyban and Wellbutrin, brand-name drugs used to treat nicotine
addiction. Bupropion does not contain nicotine, and is often
used in combination with Nicotine Replacement Therapies to
help people quit smoking. Bupropion works at the neurological
level, affecting the part of the brain addicted to nicotine
to reduce withdrawal symptoms and the urge to smoke.
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CASA:
The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia
University is committed to education, prevention, and treatment
of substance abuse and addiction. CASA established the Commission
on Substance Abuse at Colleges and Universities to study and
report on college drinking and tobacco use. http://www.casacolumbia.org/
Case Study:
A case study is a written description of a problem or situation.
The case studies on our website present detailed descriptions
of the process by which various colleges developed, implemented,
and evaluated tobacco policies and programs.
Cessation: Cessation
is the ending, stopping, or discontinuance of a certain action,
such as tobacco use. Tobacco cessation is commonly called
quitting. Some common tobacco cessation measures include counseling
and pharmacotherapies such as Bupropion and nicotine gum,
inhaler, nasal spray, or patch.
Chew: See Chewing
Tobacco
Chewing Tobacco:
Chewing tobacco is a smokeless tobacco product. Chewing tobacco
is usually placed in the mouth in the cheek or alongside the
gum, where saliva mixes with the tobacco to release nicotine
and other chemicals. Nicotine is absorbed through the mucous
membranes of the mouth and delivered to the bloodstream, and
the chew is eventually spit out by the user.
Chipper: “Chipper”
is a word used to describe people who use tobacco at low levels,
often socially, without becoming addicted and/or suffering
from withdrawal symptoms. The term was originally used in
reference to heroin users who didn’t become addicted
to the drug.
Curriculum Infusion:
Curriculum infusion is the process of integrating tobacco
and substance abuse prevention content into classroom courses.
Bringing prevention into the classroom requires the participation
of faculty who design prevention content for their courses.
This prevention strategy may be especially useful for reaching
commuter students.
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Dip:
Dip, sometimes called snuff, is a form of smokeless tobacco
usually held inside the mouth. When dip mixes with saliva,
nicotine and other chemicals are released and absorbed through
the mucous membranes of the mouth.
Divesting: Many
schools invest endowment and foundation funds in tobacco stocks.
Tobacco divestment occurs when colleges and universities make
the conscious decision not to support the tobacco industry
through such investments and sell their tobacco company stocks.
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Environmental
Management: Environmental management is an
approach to prevention that recognizes people’s decisions
about tobacco, alcohol and other drug use are shaped by the
physical, social, economic, and legal environment in which
that behavior occurs. Environmental management articulates
the need to broaden prevention approaches beyond traditional
individually-focused programs to include a range of strategies
for changing the campus and community environment.
Environmental Scan:
An environmental scan is a method of gathering information
about factors that contribute to tobacco use on campus. A
scan involves a review of campus policies and enforcement,
campus organizations, demographics, individual views, and
the overall campus environment.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
(ETS): Also known as secondhand smoke, ETS
is the chemicals and toxins that nonsmokers are exposed to
when others smoke. ETS is a combination of sidestream and
mainstream smoke. The nicotine and other harmful substances
in ETS pose a significant health risk to nonsmokers. ETS has
been classified as a Group A Carcinogen by the Environmental
Protection Agency because it is known to cause cancer in humans.
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Gateway Drug:
A gateway drug is a habit-forming substance whose use may
lead to the abuse of additional drugs that are more addictive
or dangerous. Tobacco and marijuana are often referred to
as gateway drugs.
GLBT (or LGBT):
Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender communities. They
have been the target of tobacco industry marketing since the
mid-1990s in magazines and in the sponsorship of GLBT events.
GLBT are considered a high-risk population for tobacco use.
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High-Risk Populations:
With respect to tobacco prevention, high-risk populations
are groups at increased risk of becoming tobacco users or
being affected by smoking-related diseases. Large tobacco
companies often directly and aggressively market to high-risk
populations, which may include women, youth, GLBT communities,
and minorities. At colleges, high-risk subgroups may include
freshman, male athletes, fraternity and sorority members,
and women.
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IHE:
Institution of Higher Education. This term refers to colleges,
universities, community colleges, and vocational schools.
Implementation:
Implementation is the execution of a plan, program, or policy.
In planned change, implementation phase follows planning phase
and precedes evaluation phase.
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Kreteks:
Kreteks, an Indonesian product commonly called clove cigarettes,
are made from a combination of tobacco and clove oil. Contrary
to common misperceptions, cloves contain a large amount of
tobacco and unfiltered organic material, making them addictive
and detrimental to health.
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LGBT:
See GLBT
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Mainstream Smoke:
The term refers to both the smoke that a smoker inhales directly
from a cigarette and that which the smoker exhales into the
air.
Master Settlement Agreement
(MSA): In 1998, 46 states and the five largest
tobacco companies signed the MSA, a major agreement that ended
years of litigation. The settlement resulted from cases involving
tobacco companies’ marketing and sales of a knowingly
addictive substance. As a result of the MSA, tobacco advertising
and sponsorship have been restricted, tobacco industry records
have been made public, and tobacco companies are required
to pay the states approximately $206 billion by 2005.
Media Advocacy:
Media Advocacy involves using media coverage such as radio,
television, and print media news stories and interviews, letters
to the editor, and advertisements to highlight social and
health issues and influence policy change.
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Needs Assessment:
A needs assessment is the systematic gathering of information
to initiate program and policy development. This process helps
to identify populations in need, resources available, and
existing programs or policies.
Nicotine Gum:
Nicotine gum is an over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy
(NRT) medication. When chewed, the gum releases nicotine into
the bloodstream through the lining of the mouth. Nicotine
gum is meant to help smokers quit by gradually reducing their
nicotine dependency and withdrawal symptoms.
Nicotine Patch:
The nicotine patch is an over-the-counter nicotine replacement
therapy (NRT) medication that releases nicotine into the bloodstream
through the skin at a steady rate for up to 24 hours. The
nicotine patch is meant to help smokers quit by gradually
reducing their nicotine dependency and withdrawal symptoms.
Normative: Normative
behavior is that which relates to, conforms to, or determines
the norm or standard. Social norms marketing campaigns send
the message that not smoking is, in fact, the normative behavior
among college students.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy
(NRT): Nicotine replacement therapy supplies
the body with small and controlled doses of nicotine, the
addictive drug found in tobacco products. These nicotine doses
help smokers quit by helping alleviating cravings and withdrawal
symptoms. NRT medicines are available as both over the counter
products (patches and gum), as well as prescription products
(nasal sprays and inhalers).
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Objectives:
Objectives or outcomes are specific measurable interim steps
toward achieving broader goals.
Outcomes Evaluation:
Outcomes evaluation involves collecting, analyzing and interpreting
information to determine the extent to which a program or
policy succeeded in reaching its planned goals and objectives.
Outcomes evaluation answers questions about the policy or
program’s impact or effectiveness.
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Passive Smoking:
Exposure to secondhand smoke.
Problem Analysis:
A problem analysis is the process of identifying and describing
a specific problem or need. A problem analysis helps identify
what changes are most appropriate and how best to go about
achieving change.
Process Evaluation:
Process evaluation involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting
information to determine whether a policy or program was implemented
as planned. Process evaluation answers questions about how
the program or policy was actually carried out.
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Sampling:
With respect to tobacco marketing practices, sampling is the
free distribution of tobacco products. Sampling is a common
strategy employed by tobacco companies to attract new consumers.
Secondhand Smoke:
A combination of mainstream and sidestream smoke. Also called
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
Sidestream Smoke:
The smoke released directly into the air from burning tobacco.
Smokeless Tobacco:
Smokeless tobacco comes in two different forms, snuff and
chewing tobacco, and contains 28 known carcinogens (cancer-causing
agents). Smokeless tobacco delivers three to four times more
nicotine than a cigarette. Even though it is absorbed more
slowly than tobacco from cigarettes, the nicotine from smokeless
tobacco stays in the bloodstream for a longer time. Smokeless
tobacco use can result in oral leukoplakia (white mouth lesions
that can become cancerous), gum disease, and gum recession.
Snuff: Snuff,
also called dip, is a form of smokeless tobacco that is either
sniffed through the nose or placed between the cheek and gum,
and absorbed into the bloodstream through the mucous membranes
in the mouth.
Social Marketing:
According to the Social Marketing Institute, social marketing
is the planning and implementation of programs designed to
bring about social change using concepts from commercial marketing.
Social Norms:
Social norms are people's beliefs about the attitudes and
behaviors that are normal, acceptable, or even expected in
a particular social context. In many situations, people's
perception of social norms will greatly influence their behavior.
Therefore, when people misperceive the norms of their group—that
is, when they inaccurately think an attitude or behavior is
more (or less) common than is actually the case—they
may choose to engage in behaviors that are consistent with
those false norms.
Social Norms Marketing Campaign:
Social norms marketing campaigns attempt to correct misperceptions
about social norms with respect to certain behaviors, such
as smoking.
Social Smoker:
A social smoker is someone who smokes occasionally in a social
setting such as at a party or bar or with friends who smoke.
Some Day Smoker:
“Some day smoker” is a term used by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention to describe an individual
who smokes only some days. Similar to social smokers, some
day smokers do not report daily use, and often only smoke
in certain situations, such as social gatherings.
Spit: See Chewing
Tobacco
Stages of Change:
Stages of change models categorize people according to their
readiness for health behavior change, such as smoking cessation.
The five stages of change include pre-contemplation (no intention
to change, no awareness of health issue), contemplation (beginning
to think about change), preparation (contemplating change,
preparing for change), action (performing the behavior change),
and maintenance (maintaining behavior change, avoiding relapse).
Determining your target audience’s stage(s) of change
makes it easier to set realistic program goals and develop
more effective messages, strategies and programs.
Stakeholders:
A stakeholder is someone who has a direct interest or investment
in a given issue. With respect to campus tobacco prevention,
stakeholders may include advisors, funders, students and administration,
and can often be influential in a negotiation or a decision
making process.
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Task Force:
A task force is a group of individuals who work together towards
a common goal. Campus task forces often include students,
faculty, staff, administration, and community members who
commit to working toward change in areas such as tobacco policies
and programming.
Tobacco Settlement:
A tobacco settlement consists of agreements made between tobacco
companies and a plaintiff (often a state) in which tobacco
companies are made to pay damages and/or reform areas of their
company.
Target Marketing:
Target marketing involves directing an advertising campaign
at certain groups or “targets” such as youth,
women, or minorities. Such advertising campaigns are designed
specifically to appeal to the target group. College students
are recent subjects of heavy target marketing by the tobacco
industry.
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Wellbutrin:
A brand-name for the drug bupropion.
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Zyban:
A brand-name for the drug bupropion.
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